Logan Katsoufis
Honors History 11
4/29/13
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
"40th Anniversary of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District." YouTube.com. Google.com, 24 Feb. 2009. Web. 4 May 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wjBoo1s8ik>
This source, filmed for the 40th anniversary of the Tinker vs. Des Moines School District Court Case, featured mary Beth Tinker herself in an interview performed in Washington. Mary beth Tinker was one of the three students that was suspended for the wearing of a black armband in the Des Moines School District. She continues to give presentations about the importance of free speech up to this day with her brother. The film was produced by The Student Press law Center in 2009. The goal was to create a documentary of the importance of the Case and how much it has affected the court ruling system today. The overall student performance it did not help with the project but the interview with Mary Beth provided excellent quotes.
"Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)." Boston College. N.p., 12 Nov. 1968. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. <http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/fre
This source, taken from the Boston College law website, is a copy and pasted writing of the actual court case, word for word. This source has the words of the Tinker vs. Des Moines from November 12, 1968 to December 24, 1969. This court case is located in the Supreme Court Galleries of the United States but has allowed websites to take the actual writing a publish them. This source, also has the all the opinions of the Supreme Court Justices that were present for this case. Boston College has in their records major cases like the Tinker vs. Des Moines that were deemed important at that time. It is the twenty-first court case recorded in the Supreme Court, 393 U.S. 503. No other source was more important than this because of the one hundred percent accuracy that it has. It is able to even guess the tone of the speaker because of the words he says to the room. This was the source that shaped this project and even gave important quotes that fit in perfectly with the information found.
Madison, James . "First Amendment | LII / Legal Information Institute." LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. N.p., 17, Sep. 1789. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/first_am
In 1787, when the United States government decided that the Articles of Federation were deemed unreliable, a conventional constitution met in Philadelphia to write a new Constitution. George Mason was a key figure in deciding what the new Amendments would be. On September 25, 1789, the Bill of Rights was finished and was presented. James Madison, drafter of the Bill of Rights would eventually become the fourth president of the United States, serving as the Democratic-Republican Party. The First Amendment which gives people freedom of speech and religion, has been a key document in court cases when people feel that their rights have been violated. Using this Document was necessary in understanding the view of the Tinkers and how they saw being suspended was a violation of the First Amendment and their rights. The First Amendment was important enough to receive it’s own section on the website.
Madison, James . "14th Amendment | U.S. Constitution | LII / Legal Information Institute." LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. N.p., 25 Sept. 1789. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv>.
The Fourteenth Amendment was added to the United States Constitution on July 9, 1868 as one of the Reconstruction Amendments or Subsequent Amendments. Added to the Constitution by the House of Representatives and the Senate due to the Civil Rights movement of 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment gave rights to all members of the United States. This gave black people the same rights as whites in that case as well as Native Americans. This Amendment was also passed in response to the South’s “Black Codes” after the Thirteenth AMendment had been passed. While this Amendment was not as important as the First Amendment for this project, several Justices throughout the court case of Tinker vs. Des Moines School District refer to it when they are adding more on their view on how this case did in fact violate the kid’s freedom of speech.
New York Times (New York City ), "Summary of Supreme Court's Actions." March 5, 1968.
When anything importants happen in the world, the New York City newspaper The New York Times is on the scene to uncover any important information they can so that they can write an article about it and the people can learn what happened. THis article, written on March 5, 1968 gave the description of the Court decision to hear the Tinker vs. Des Moines School district case. The writing is that of an excited man trying to get all the information he can down so that the United States can learn about this new breakthrough. The New Yorks times can be used in any project about recent events because they cover everything. With this court case, there was certainly no shortage of articles to be written. While the information on the article was needed, the style of writing that the journalist had, which was not found, helped in showing how much the country was reacting this case.
The New York Times (New York City), "The Supreme Court's Action." February 24, 1969
During the entire duration of the Tinker vs. the Des Moines School District, New York Times journalists were in the Capitol Building to witness the case unfold. When the case came to an end on February 24, 1969, the New York Times released this article the next day. The article at first glance does not attract new readers but as it progresses, the entire court case is described and summarized. On the New York Times Website, the only two Tinker cases that were helpful were the two articles about the Supreme Court. The other articles found did not help describe what the kids were feeling or how they were doing. This helped showed that journalists at this point were not interested with the students during the case itself, but in the two lawyers for both sides. With this article, it is clear that the students during the Court Case were not all that helpful in arguing their case. The information summarized on this article was helpful with getting a short summary of the case being there.
Boston College. "Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1987)." Boston College. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/hazelwood.html (accessed May 4, 2013).
The younger brother of the Tinker vs. Des Moines School District Court Case was the Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeier Court Case. Argued on October 13, 1987 and decided on January 13, 1988, this Court case was brought before the Supreme Court to be decided. The newspaper, The Spectrum, for which the two articles that were deemed inappropriate by the school principal, were taken down for their inappropriate themes. The journalist class that was asked this refused and sued the school for violating the First Amendment. This case along with the Tinker Case was what helped the Supreme Court understand what actions and motives fell under the category of freedom of speech. The subsequent jurisprudence was that the students had the right to write and publish whatever articles they wanted as long as the articles did not violate the rights of the students.
Secondary Sources
Supreme Court Historical Society. " Tinker v. Des Moines | www.streetlaw.org." Home | www.streetlaw.org. http://www.streetlaw.org/en/landmark/cases/tinker_v_des_moines#Tab=Background (accessed April 30, 2013)
Published by Street Law incorporated and The Supreme Court Historical Society, this court case of Tinker vs. Des Moines School District is broken down into different levels of different topics such as vocab and questions. Located in Silver Spring, Maryland, Street Law Incorporated records on its websites several important Supreme Court Cases throughout the last fifty or so so years. The Supreme Court Historical Society in turn helps Street Law acquire these cases and make sure they are accurate enough. There did not seem to be a strong bias in the writing of the description due to the fact that this website is solely on just getting the information out.This website was one of the most influential sources used for this project in that after the basic information on wikipedia was found, this was the source to go to for the actual and legitimate information.
TINKER v. DES MOINES IND. COMM. SCHOOL DIST.. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. 29 April 2013. <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1968/1968_21>.
Put up online by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, Oyez.org is a website that was created to hold the Supreme Court Media. Throughout the website there are hours of recordings of the people that were present for whatever court case. This source also has many other law recordings from different people throughout the past half century. The bias of the writing on this source is very much for the students of the Des Moines school. While it is subtle at the way the writer underwent this, it is clearly visible that the decision that the Court made was one of his or her liking. Unfortuantely the source does not mention the writer but does give a list of all the writers that have contributed to this source. The great thing of having a recording of the case itself is that it helps give the attitude that both sides were feeling when they began. Deciding to add the entire clip as an extra helped give the website a little more in presenting how this case affected more than just a community.
"Bill of Rights Institute: Landmark Supreme Court Cases – Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)." Bill of Rights Institute: Home. http://billofrightsinstitute.org/resources/educator-resources/lessons-plans/landmark-cases-and-the-constitution/tinker-v-des-moines-1969/ (accessed April 30, 2013).
This source, written in 2000 by the Bill of Rights Institute, gives a grim description of the experiences that John and Mary Beth underwent during their Court trial. This article was actually the case of the month recently and received a lot of praise for describing the case. Tbe Bill of Rights Institutes writes several readings that have to do with the Amendments of the United States. Sometimes they are about writers that were inspired by the Amendments, a description of what they mean, or when people have questioned their rights by referencing the Bill of Rights. It was helpful to have a historical website’s opinion on the Tinker case because the will most likely have better information. The grim description of the case worked well in describing how being before the Supreme Court must have felt.
"Tinker v. Des Moines (393 U.S. 503, 1969) | American Civil Liberties Union."American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). American Civil Liberties Union, 16 Mar. 2007. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://www.aclu.org/free-speech/tinker-v-des-moines-393-us-503-1969>
This source, published by the ACLU, is probably the most legitimate secondary source because the same organization helped the Tinkers back the 60’s with their case. The bias of the source speaks very highly of the students in their quest to stand up to the man. the ACLU has helped other people such as the Tinkers and has written several reports about major Supreme Court Cases in the United States. The page does not have the author mentioned but the information is accurate. The information found on this website was very accurate and listed several other resources that they thought readers would also enjoy. The external resources found on this source were probably the best out there and were well used for this project.
"Freedom of Speech in Public Schools."Annenbergclassroom.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <www.annenbergclassroom.org/Files/Documents/Books/The%20Pursuit%20of%20Justice/146_151_Ch_18.pdf>.
Surprisingly, there are not a large amount of books on the internet or in the public library that provide enough information to be considered a legit source. Taken from the book “The Pursuit of Justice”, of the events that transpired before the actual Court date, this short pdf. of the chapter “The Freedom of Speech in Public Schools” is one of the few books that was easy to find. The author of this book could not be found. While the language was hard to understand in some parts, for the most part this book provides a great deal of information about the students and the school district itself. This was helpful when constructing the Characters section on the website and for basic knowledge.
"What was The Court's Decision for Tinker vs. Des Moines Case?." Wiki Answers. wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_Court's_decision_in_Tinker_v._Des_Moines (accessed May 2, 2013)
This source, posted on “Wiki Answers”, was designed to give readers a basic information about the Tinker vs. Des Moines Court case. Wiki Answers has written numerous amounts of articles about historical events are worth mentioning to the public. Their staff always know what they write about and make sure to give accurate information. The source gives a very bias opinion about how freedom of speech was the only thing that the Tinker students had to go with. The author was correct when they explained this and went on to talk about other cases like this that were affected by the First Amendment. While the information on this source could be found anywhere else, this was a good place to start with the project. The page had a other sources at the bottom of it that helped find other legitimate sources.
Johnson, John W.. The struggle for student rights: Tinker v. Des Moines and the 1960s. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1997.
Published in 1997, John W. Johnson’s book about the 1960s court cases gives a great opinion about how the American public reacted to these cases. Johnson offers a detailed description of the case and captures the personal struggle of the litigants and places this seminal constitutional controversy in the legal and historical context of the 1960s. In his book, he shows that the case is important for its divergent perspectives on the limits of free speech and explains how the majority and dissenting Court opinions mirrored contemporary attitudes toward the permissible limits of public protest. For greater research on the case once all the basic info was found, this book was key in understanding how much the Tinker Case changed public opinion about the Vietnam War, the Freedom of Speech by students in a public school and how the Supreme Court came to a decision of what they viewed Freedom of Speech was.
Google.com. "Tinker v Des Moines - YouTube." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqQvygBVSxA (accessed May 3, 2013).
This source, made by three teenage girls, was written for Advanced Placement Government class in 2011. It is not often that a student made source would be in another student’s annotations but these girl made several points that were key to the project. Reaching out them, they explained to me that they had met Mrs. Tinker and interviewed her for this project. The bias of the video was in favor of the Tinker students and how their court case created a new guideline for court’s decisions. Mrs. Tinker gave some very convincing quotes that helped with the character section of the website. The girls (who have asked I not give names) gave helpful sources that they used for their project. While most of them were sources already found, their overall video was one of the most important things they provided.
Federal Judiciary . "Courts of Appeals." United States Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/CourtofAppeals.aspx (accessed May 4, 2013).
The US Court of Appeals is not known by many of the United States to be an important section of our government. On this source, published by the United States Courts, the Court of Appeals is broken down and described. The United States Courts also has every other section of government in the United States government on their website. They publish guidelines to understanding what each of these sections must do, and how their decisions affect the people. Before this project, I did not know what the US Court of Appeals was and what an eighth circuit was. through this reading, a better understanding was formed about the steps that the Tinkers went through to get their case in front of the Supreme Court in 1969.
Federal Judiciary . "District Courts." United States Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/DistrictCourts.aspx (accessed May 4, 2013).
Similar to the US Court of Appeals, our country does not understand the amount of sections that our government has. This source, published by the United States Courts, gives a definition about the U.S District Courts throughout the country. The site also has every other section of government that decides what the laws are in the United States. Guidelines and other recent, important headlines are presented on this source that would attract the average politician. There is not bias on this source about the decisions the Court makes. Like the U.S Court of Appeals, it was necessary to learn how the Tinkers ended up in front of the Supreme Court in Washington and how the decisions of these branches of government affected them on the way.
Bonner, Alice. "Education for Freedom Lesson 8 - Case Summary: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District." The Freedom Forum. http://www.freedomforum.org/packages/first/curricula/educationforfreedom/supportpages/L08-CaseSummaryTinker.htm (accessed May 4, 2013).
This source, published by “Education for Freedom”, is a collection of information from other sources that gives a full timeline of the events of the Tinker Case. The bias of the source speaks highly of the decision that the students made to stand up to their principals in court, specifically, the Supreme Court and the effect this case had on similar cases. Education for Freedom is a strong supporter of Freedom of Speech for all and continues to write and share information about how one can make a difference in their community. Aside from the peppy information about how Freedom of Speech can help your community, the information presented in this website was very important with the overall information taken in. The quotes from several members that took place in this Case helped tremendously with learning new information that could be used for this project.
"Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District | Casebriefs." Law Cases & Case Briefs for Students. http://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/constitutional-law/constitutional-law-keyed-to-cohen/restrictions-on-time-place-or-matter-of-expression/tinker-v-des-moines-independent-community-school-district-2/ (accessed May 4, 2013).
Published by Casebriefs, this source gives a summary of the events that unfolded during the Tinker v. Des Moines Court Case. Casebriefs is a non profiting organization that writes about important Court Cases in the past fifty years that have gained a lot of public awareness. Unlike other sources, Casebriefs breaks each article into different parts that illustrate the diverse sections of America and how each case effect that region. The bias of the reading were not favoring either side yet the quotes mentioned were that of how badly the Des Moines School District thought it was that these students were wearing the armbands to school. The questions that the source asked in the end were helpful in understanding how important freedom of speech was to this type of case.
Honors History 11
4/29/13
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
"40th Anniversary of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District." YouTube.com. Google.com, 24 Feb. 2009. Web. 4 May 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wjBoo1s8ik>
This source, filmed for the 40th anniversary of the Tinker vs. Des Moines School District Court Case, featured mary Beth Tinker herself in an interview performed in Washington. Mary beth Tinker was one of the three students that was suspended for the wearing of a black armband in the Des Moines School District. She continues to give presentations about the importance of free speech up to this day with her brother. The film was produced by The Student Press law Center in 2009. The goal was to create a documentary of the importance of the Case and how much it has affected the court ruling system today. The overall student performance it did not help with the project but the interview with Mary Beth provided excellent quotes.
"Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)." Boston College. N.p., 12 Nov. 1968. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. <http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/fre
This source, taken from the Boston College law website, is a copy and pasted writing of the actual court case, word for word. This source has the words of the Tinker vs. Des Moines from November 12, 1968 to December 24, 1969. This court case is located in the Supreme Court Galleries of the United States but has allowed websites to take the actual writing a publish them. This source, also has the all the opinions of the Supreme Court Justices that were present for this case. Boston College has in their records major cases like the Tinker vs. Des Moines that were deemed important at that time. It is the twenty-first court case recorded in the Supreme Court, 393 U.S. 503. No other source was more important than this because of the one hundred percent accuracy that it has. It is able to even guess the tone of the speaker because of the words he says to the room. This was the source that shaped this project and even gave important quotes that fit in perfectly with the information found.
Madison, James . "First Amendment | LII / Legal Information Institute." LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. N.p., 17, Sep. 1789. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/first_am
In 1787, when the United States government decided that the Articles of Federation were deemed unreliable, a conventional constitution met in Philadelphia to write a new Constitution. George Mason was a key figure in deciding what the new Amendments would be. On September 25, 1789, the Bill of Rights was finished and was presented. James Madison, drafter of the Bill of Rights would eventually become the fourth president of the United States, serving as the Democratic-Republican Party. The First Amendment which gives people freedom of speech and religion, has been a key document in court cases when people feel that their rights have been violated. Using this Document was necessary in understanding the view of the Tinkers and how they saw being suspended was a violation of the First Amendment and their rights. The First Amendment was important enough to receive it’s own section on the website.
Madison, James . "14th Amendment | U.S. Constitution | LII / Legal Information Institute." LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. N.p., 25 Sept. 1789. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv>.
The Fourteenth Amendment was added to the United States Constitution on July 9, 1868 as one of the Reconstruction Amendments or Subsequent Amendments. Added to the Constitution by the House of Representatives and the Senate due to the Civil Rights movement of 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment gave rights to all members of the United States. This gave black people the same rights as whites in that case as well as Native Americans. This Amendment was also passed in response to the South’s “Black Codes” after the Thirteenth AMendment had been passed. While this Amendment was not as important as the First Amendment for this project, several Justices throughout the court case of Tinker vs. Des Moines School District refer to it when they are adding more on their view on how this case did in fact violate the kid’s freedom of speech.
New York Times (New York City ), "Summary of Supreme Court's Actions." March 5, 1968.
When anything importants happen in the world, the New York City newspaper The New York Times is on the scene to uncover any important information they can so that they can write an article about it and the people can learn what happened. THis article, written on March 5, 1968 gave the description of the Court decision to hear the Tinker vs. Des Moines School district case. The writing is that of an excited man trying to get all the information he can down so that the United States can learn about this new breakthrough. The New Yorks times can be used in any project about recent events because they cover everything. With this court case, there was certainly no shortage of articles to be written. While the information on the article was needed, the style of writing that the journalist had, which was not found, helped in showing how much the country was reacting this case.
The New York Times (New York City), "The Supreme Court's Action." February 24, 1969
During the entire duration of the Tinker vs. the Des Moines School District, New York Times journalists were in the Capitol Building to witness the case unfold. When the case came to an end on February 24, 1969, the New York Times released this article the next day. The article at first glance does not attract new readers but as it progresses, the entire court case is described and summarized. On the New York Times Website, the only two Tinker cases that were helpful were the two articles about the Supreme Court. The other articles found did not help describe what the kids were feeling or how they were doing. This helped showed that journalists at this point were not interested with the students during the case itself, but in the two lawyers for both sides. With this article, it is clear that the students during the Court Case were not all that helpful in arguing their case. The information summarized on this article was helpful with getting a short summary of the case being there.
Boston College. "Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1987)." Boston College. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/hazelwood.html (accessed May 4, 2013).
The younger brother of the Tinker vs. Des Moines School District Court Case was the Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeier Court Case. Argued on October 13, 1987 and decided on January 13, 1988, this Court case was brought before the Supreme Court to be decided. The newspaper, The Spectrum, for which the two articles that were deemed inappropriate by the school principal, were taken down for their inappropriate themes. The journalist class that was asked this refused and sued the school for violating the First Amendment. This case along with the Tinker Case was what helped the Supreme Court understand what actions and motives fell under the category of freedom of speech. The subsequent jurisprudence was that the students had the right to write and publish whatever articles they wanted as long as the articles did not violate the rights of the students.
Secondary Sources
Supreme Court Historical Society. " Tinker v. Des Moines | www.streetlaw.org." Home | www.streetlaw.org. http://www.streetlaw.org/en/landmark/cases/tinker_v_des_moines#Tab=Background (accessed April 30, 2013)
Published by Street Law incorporated and The Supreme Court Historical Society, this court case of Tinker vs. Des Moines School District is broken down into different levels of different topics such as vocab and questions. Located in Silver Spring, Maryland, Street Law Incorporated records on its websites several important Supreme Court Cases throughout the last fifty or so so years. The Supreme Court Historical Society in turn helps Street Law acquire these cases and make sure they are accurate enough. There did not seem to be a strong bias in the writing of the description due to the fact that this website is solely on just getting the information out.This website was one of the most influential sources used for this project in that after the basic information on wikipedia was found, this was the source to go to for the actual and legitimate information.
TINKER v. DES MOINES IND. COMM. SCHOOL DIST.. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. 29 April 2013. <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1968/1968_21>.
Put up online by the Chicago-Kent College of Law, Oyez.org is a website that was created to hold the Supreme Court Media. Throughout the website there are hours of recordings of the people that were present for whatever court case. This source also has many other law recordings from different people throughout the past half century. The bias of the writing on this source is very much for the students of the Des Moines school. While it is subtle at the way the writer underwent this, it is clearly visible that the decision that the Court made was one of his or her liking. Unfortuantely the source does not mention the writer but does give a list of all the writers that have contributed to this source. The great thing of having a recording of the case itself is that it helps give the attitude that both sides were feeling when they began. Deciding to add the entire clip as an extra helped give the website a little more in presenting how this case affected more than just a community.
"Bill of Rights Institute: Landmark Supreme Court Cases – Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)." Bill of Rights Institute: Home. http://billofrightsinstitute.org/resources/educator-resources/lessons-plans/landmark-cases-and-the-constitution/tinker-v-des-moines-1969/ (accessed April 30, 2013).
This source, written in 2000 by the Bill of Rights Institute, gives a grim description of the experiences that John and Mary Beth underwent during their Court trial. This article was actually the case of the month recently and received a lot of praise for describing the case. Tbe Bill of Rights Institutes writes several readings that have to do with the Amendments of the United States. Sometimes they are about writers that were inspired by the Amendments, a description of what they mean, or when people have questioned their rights by referencing the Bill of Rights. It was helpful to have a historical website’s opinion on the Tinker case because the will most likely have better information. The grim description of the case worked well in describing how being before the Supreme Court must have felt.
"Tinker v. Des Moines (393 U.S. 503, 1969) | American Civil Liberties Union."American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). American Civil Liberties Union, 16 Mar. 2007. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://www.aclu.org/free-speech/tinker-v-des-moines-393-us-503-1969>
This source, published by the ACLU, is probably the most legitimate secondary source because the same organization helped the Tinkers back the 60’s with their case. The bias of the source speaks very highly of the students in their quest to stand up to the man. the ACLU has helped other people such as the Tinkers and has written several reports about major Supreme Court Cases in the United States. The page does not have the author mentioned but the information is accurate. The information found on this website was very accurate and listed several other resources that they thought readers would also enjoy. The external resources found on this source were probably the best out there and were well used for this project.
"Freedom of Speech in Public Schools."Annenbergclassroom.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <www.annenbergclassroom.org/Files/Documents/Books/The%20Pursuit%20of%20Justice/146_151_Ch_18.pdf>.
Surprisingly, there are not a large amount of books on the internet or in the public library that provide enough information to be considered a legit source. Taken from the book “The Pursuit of Justice”, of the events that transpired before the actual Court date, this short pdf. of the chapter “The Freedom of Speech in Public Schools” is one of the few books that was easy to find. The author of this book could not be found. While the language was hard to understand in some parts, for the most part this book provides a great deal of information about the students and the school district itself. This was helpful when constructing the Characters section on the website and for basic knowledge.
"What was The Court's Decision for Tinker vs. Des Moines Case?." Wiki Answers. wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_Court's_decision_in_Tinker_v._Des_Moines (accessed May 2, 2013)
This source, posted on “Wiki Answers”, was designed to give readers a basic information about the Tinker vs. Des Moines Court case. Wiki Answers has written numerous amounts of articles about historical events are worth mentioning to the public. Their staff always know what they write about and make sure to give accurate information. The source gives a very bias opinion about how freedom of speech was the only thing that the Tinker students had to go with. The author was correct when they explained this and went on to talk about other cases like this that were affected by the First Amendment. While the information on this source could be found anywhere else, this was a good place to start with the project. The page had a other sources at the bottom of it that helped find other legitimate sources.
Johnson, John W.. The struggle for student rights: Tinker v. Des Moines and the 1960s. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1997.
Published in 1997, John W. Johnson’s book about the 1960s court cases gives a great opinion about how the American public reacted to these cases. Johnson offers a detailed description of the case and captures the personal struggle of the litigants and places this seminal constitutional controversy in the legal and historical context of the 1960s. In his book, he shows that the case is important for its divergent perspectives on the limits of free speech and explains how the majority and dissenting Court opinions mirrored contemporary attitudes toward the permissible limits of public protest. For greater research on the case once all the basic info was found, this book was key in understanding how much the Tinker Case changed public opinion about the Vietnam War, the Freedom of Speech by students in a public school and how the Supreme Court came to a decision of what they viewed Freedom of Speech was.
Google.com. "Tinker v Des Moines - YouTube." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqQvygBVSxA (accessed May 3, 2013).
This source, made by three teenage girls, was written for Advanced Placement Government class in 2011. It is not often that a student made source would be in another student’s annotations but these girl made several points that were key to the project. Reaching out them, they explained to me that they had met Mrs. Tinker and interviewed her for this project. The bias of the video was in favor of the Tinker students and how their court case created a new guideline for court’s decisions. Mrs. Tinker gave some very convincing quotes that helped with the character section of the website. The girls (who have asked I not give names) gave helpful sources that they used for their project. While most of them were sources already found, their overall video was one of the most important things they provided.
Federal Judiciary . "Courts of Appeals." United States Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/CourtofAppeals.aspx (accessed May 4, 2013).
The US Court of Appeals is not known by many of the United States to be an important section of our government. On this source, published by the United States Courts, the Court of Appeals is broken down and described. The United States Courts also has every other section of government in the United States government on their website. They publish guidelines to understanding what each of these sections must do, and how their decisions affect the people. Before this project, I did not know what the US Court of Appeals was and what an eighth circuit was. through this reading, a better understanding was formed about the steps that the Tinkers went through to get their case in front of the Supreme Court in 1969.
Federal Judiciary . "District Courts." United States Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/DistrictCourts.aspx (accessed May 4, 2013).
Similar to the US Court of Appeals, our country does not understand the amount of sections that our government has. This source, published by the United States Courts, gives a definition about the U.S District Courts throughout the country. The site also has every other section of government that decides what the laws are in the United States. Guidelines and other recent, important headlines are presented on this source that would attract the average politician. There is not bias on this source about the decisions the Court makes. Like the U.S Court of Appeals, it was necessary to learn how the Tinkers ended up in front of the Supreme Court in Washington and how the decisions of these branches of government affected them on the way.
Bonner, Alice. "Education for Freedom Lesson 8 - Case Summary: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District." The Freedom Forum. http://www.freedomforum.org/packages/first/curricula/educationforfreedom/supportpages/L08-CaseSummaryTinker.htm (accessed May 4, 2013).
This source, published by “Education for Freedom”, is a collection of information from other sources that gives a full timeline of the events of the Tinker Case. The bias of the source speaks highly of the decision that the students made to stand up to their principals in court, specifically, the Supreme Court and the effect this case had on similar cases. Education for Freedom is a strong supporter of Freedom of Speech for all and continues to write and share information about how one can make a difference in their community. Aside from the peppy information about how Freedom of Speech can help your community, the information presented in this website was very important with the overall information taken in. The quotes from several members that took place in this Case helped tremendously with learning new information that could be used for this project.
"Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District | Casebriefs." Law Cases & Case Briefs for Students. http://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/constitutional-law/constitutional-law-keyed-to-cohen/restrictions-on-time-place-or-matter-of-expression/tinker-v-des-moines-independent-community-school-district-2/ (accessed May 4, 2013).
Published by Casebriefs, this source gives a summary of the events that unfolded during the Tinker v. Des Moines Court Case. Casebriefs is a non profiting organization that writes about important Court Cases in the past fifty years that have gained a lot of public awareness. Unlike other sources, Casebriefs breaks each article into different parts that illustrate the diverse sections of America and how each case effect that region. The bias of the reading were not favoring either side yet the quotes mentioned were that of how badly the Des Moines School District thought it was that these students were wearing the armbands to school. The questions that the source asked in the end were helpful in understanding how important freedom of speech was to this type of case.